There are two main types of solar power systems: on-grid and off-grid or standalone.
Both stand-alone and grid-connected systems use photovoltaic panels to convert sunlight into electricity.
Although both systems generate electricity in the same way, they store it differently. Standalone systems will use batteries or energy storage systems to store energy. The battery may require a charge controller and a battery management system (BMS) to function.
Grid-connected systems "store" energy by exchanging it with the commercial grid. When the sun is shining, a properly sized system will generate more power than the system load needs. The excess is pushed into the grid.
A key function of the primary PV system is to convert the direct current (DC) generated by the solar panels to the alternating current (AC) required by most modern loads and exchange it with the commercial grid. Both systems require an inverter. Off-grid systems convert the DC power in the battery pack to AC power and prevent the battery pack from over-discharging.
However, grid-tied inverters have to do more. It must also sense key characteristics of the AC signal on the grid in order to synchronize the AC it produces from DC with the grid, or if not, not generate electricity. If the grid fails, it must also shut itself down to prevent "islanding" (independently delivering power to an otherwise dead grid) and possible damage to the system.
Solar panels must be secured to the ground or roof by means of solar mounts or mounting systems. These are usually made of one metal. Carport structures and tracking systems also fall into the installation category.